| GET-20025B | White Paper: IEC 61850 Interoperability and Implementation | 05/18/2016 |  [720k] |
| This white paper outlines the interoperability of IEC 61850. Our practices, with several use-cases for interoperability within a multi-vendor environment are analyzed. The architecture/process at the device level and system level is proposed too.
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| GEA-31951 | Case Study: Top 5 Reasons to Implement Distributed Bus Protection | 11/18/2015 | [2.2M] |
| This paper will discuss the evolution of bus protection, focusing on distributed bus protection schemes and five key considerations in implementing IEC 61850 process bus distributed bus protection schemes in modern power systems.
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| GEA-31987 | White Paper: Strategies for Maintaining Grid Reliability with the Multilin UR Platform | 10/12/2016 | [967k] |
| Operators must have a relay lifecycle strategy to ensure device health and power system reliability. If you have an earlier generation UR, this paper guides you through a strategy and demonstrates how the UR minimizes typical device upgrade costs.
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| SmarterGrid | White paper: An Enterprise Information Architecture Enables a Smarter Grid | 06/29/2009 | [291k] |
| To make the smart grid a reality, utilities need to leverage intelligence for smarter, faster decision making. So how do you collect, organize, distribute, integrate, secure and interpret the vast sea of information in today’s grid environment? |
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| SIPS | White Paper: Application Considerations in System Integrity Protection Schemes | 05/21/2011 | [353k] |
| This paper describes some of the critical engineering, design, and applications of the latest technology for the implementation of System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS). |
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| PilotProt | Case study: Application of Digital Radio for Distribution Pilot Protection | 04/13/2010 | [1.8M] |
| This paper describes basic digital radio technology and shows possible applications for distribution protection. As with other pieces of the protection system, it is important to understand the reliability and performance of digital radio. |
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| ArcFlash | Case study: Reducing Arc Flash Risk with the Application of Protective Relays | 06/21/2011 | [1.2M] |
| The modern technologies utilized by microprocessor based protective relays provide the means to accelerate the extinction of the arc produced by short circuits where the air is the conducting material. |
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| BackupProt | Case Study: The Importance of Backup Protection Systems | 10/25/2005 | [830k] |
| Digital protection relays are made to provide reliability, selectivity and speed to power system protection engineers. This paper focuses on local breaker failure protection, covering the basics and enhancements of BF detection. |
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| BrokenBar | Case study: Enhanced Algorithm for Motor Rotor Broken Bar Detection | 06/21/2011 | [736k] |
| This paper describes an algorithm for detection of broken rotor bars based on MCSA enhanced with a set of motor conditions, collected by a protection relay to avoid a false declaration of an alarm due to rotor problems. |
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| CTSaturation | White Paper: CT Saturation in Industrial Applications. Analysis and Application Guidelines | 10/25/2005 | [1.4M] |
| This paper shows a method to present complex relations between the CT response and the response of any given relay. Based on this graphical method one can quickly evaluate the problem and see alternative solutions. |
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| CyclingLoad | Case Study: Setting a Motor Management Relay for a Cyclic Load Application | 06/26/2005 | [699k] |
| This application note shows that when the time constants are properly matched, the relay works correctly on cyclic loads. It also provides practical examples of how to set up the Multilin 469 relay. |
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| DistBusProt | Case study: Distributed Bus Protection in the Smart Substation | 12/16/2013 | [3.2M] |
| This paper presents a new Distributed Bus Protection System that is not only as a protection system, but also a platform that incorporates the data from the HV equipment in an IEC 61850 process bus scheme. |
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| Incipient | Case study: Detection of Incipient Faults in Underground MV Cables | 06/21/2011 | [1.1M] |
| This paper presents the operational experience of half-cycle events at a large urban utility, and details a simple and robust method for detecting incipient faults in cable and combined overhead and cable feeders. |
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| DistanceRelay | Case study: Distance Relay Fundamentals | 06/21/2011 | [1.3M] |
| This paper discusses the fundamental features of the three types of distance functions and possible problems that may be encountered in their design and application. |
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| DistSubsSG | Case study: Distribution Substation Automation in Smart Grid | 04/12/2010 | [613k] |
| This paper discusses an approach to substation automation that incorporates distribution automation, demand response and advanced metering infrastructures. |
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| DistSysProt | Case study: Distribution System Feeder Overcurrent Protection | 04/26/2010 | [3.6M] |
| With the increasing loads, voltages and short-circuit duty of feeders, distribution overcurrent protection has become even more important today. This publication reviews present distribution practices, particularly with regard to relaying. |
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| FaultLocator | Case Study: Fault Locator Based on Line Current Differential Relay Synchronized Measurements | 12/04/2010 | [2.3M] |
| This paper presents new multiended method for locating faults on the transmission lines and incorporated into line current differential relay. |
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| Pcsystems | Case study: Protection and control systems for pulp and paper | 08/04/2010 | [1.7M] |
| This paper will discuss using relay functionality to fully monitor the protection and control system, which will identify problems within the system before they manifest themselves by miss-operation. |
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| 61850deploy | White paper: Unanswered questions about IEC 61850 | 10/25/2005 | [528k] |
| This paper seeks to identify issues related to IEC 61850 standard deployment and to present solutions to meet industry trends and utilities' expectations. |
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| ImpSGcomms | White Paper: Implementing Smart Grid Communications | 07/02/2009 | [211k] |
| This paper outlines the technical implementation of technologies that enable Smart Grid practices. |
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| PSintegrate | Case Study: Improvements in Power System Integrity Protection Schemes | 08/04/2010 | [820k] |
| This paper outlines the need for the Power System Protection Systems (PSPS) also called System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS) and the resulting design requirements. |
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| XfrmrTesting | Case Study: Investing in Continuous Transformer Testing | 12/13/2013 | [1.9M] |
| This paper shows that bushings and tap changers are critical as the active part in terms of the root cause of failure. Action steps are described to prevent from failure and ensure electrical power reliability. |
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| IslLoadShed | Case Study: Design & Implementation of an Islanding and Load Shed System | 07/18/2008 | [632k] |
| This paper presents the design and implementation details of a control system that detects an island condition in an industrial facility and executes a multi-tier load shed based on the load-generation balance. |
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| SGBusCase | White Paper: Leader or Follower, Developing the Smart Grid Business Case | 06/25/2008 | [259k] |
| This paper discusses the key driving factors behind smart grid momentum, the challenges facing utilities, and suggests how utilities should think about developing their comprehensive smart grid business cases. |
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| MotorApps | White Paper: Motor Protection Principles | 06/26/2005 | [1.4M] |
| This paper presents main risks and solutions for an overheated motor, as any motor failure will have the following cost contributors: repair or replacement, removal, installation and loss of production. |
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| MVDistSys | Case Study: Protection and Control Redundancy Considerations in MV Distribution Systems | 06/22/2006 | [1M] |
| This paper presents a case study for typically used redundant schemes and demonstrates some common implementation errors, pseudo redundancy, and illustrations of two relays providing inadequate redundancy. |
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| Paradigm | White Paper: A Paradigm Shift in Protection, Control and Substation Automation Strategy | 07/02/2009 | [1.6M] |
| This paper presents the requirements for improved efficiency in all phases of engineering, maintenance, and operation, to support an increasing level of substation integration and protection. |
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| Peer2Peer | Case Study: Enabling Peer-to-Peer Communications | 10/30/2005 | [834k] |
| This paper presents GOOSE messaging schemes to transmit data, and highlights the benefits of the three different types of GOOSE messaging systems available in the UR family of protection relays. |
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| PhaseAngle | White Paper: Protection of Phase Angle Regulating Transformers Using Digital Relays | 06/26/2005 | [704k] |
| This paper describes the specifics of an installed Phase Angle Regulating transformer, and protection techniques using modern digital relays. |
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| HydroGen | Case Study: Split Phase Protection of Hydrogenerators | 10/25/2005 | [243k] |
| This paper describes a new method promising better sensitivity for faults on machines operated with significant inherent circulating current as compared with conventional split-phase protection. |
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| WorkForce | White Paper: Replenishing the Aging Work Force in the Power Industry | 06/21/2011 | [265k] |
| This paper discusses the program to develop and attract the interest of the next generation of technical experts, including the respective roles of industry and academia. |
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| IntellGrid | White Paper: Smart Grid - The Road Ahead | 07/02/2009 | [670k] |
| This article presents a definition of the Smart Grid and examines the road ahead to its development and a more capable, secure and manageable energy provisioning and delivery system. |
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| SAOpsMaint | Case Study: Secure Substation Automation for Operations and Maintenance | 06/21/2011 | [542k] |
| This paper outlines how utilities are implementing a mix of substation automation architectures to respond to cyber threats while providing secure access for Operations and Maintenance Systems and Personnel. |
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| SGComms | White Paper: Communications for the Smart Grid | 07/02/2009 | [2.7M] |
| This paper examines the architecture process of identifying the system requirements and implementation of communications pieces, as the smart grid drives into the main stream of the utility enterprise. |
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| Stimulus | White Paper: Stimulus Funds and the Smart Grid: The First Thing We Need to Rebuild is Our Approach | 04/08/2010 | [561k] |
| This paper discusses the need for a roadmap and business case to integrate new smart grid technologies, while stimulus funding represent an opportunity to fast-track smart grid rollouts. |
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| SocialMedia | White paper: can social media improve grid reliability? | 12/16/2013 | [1.7M] |
| This paper discusses how utilities can complement their reliability indices, leveraging a GE software application that can monitor social media to provide speedy, granular data related to the distribution system. |
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| Synchrophasor | Case Study: Synchrophasor Function within Microprocessor Based Relays | 10/26/2005 | [4.4M] |
| This paper discusses implementation issues related to integration of synchrophasor measurements and PMU functionalities on microprocessor-based relay platforms. |
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| SIPS | Case Study: Application Considerations in System Integrity Protection Schemes | 07/18/2008 | [458k] |
| This paper describes the engineering, design, and applications of the latest technology for implementing System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS). The results of a survey highlight power industry trends and experiences. |
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| Distribution | White Paper: The Evolution of Distribution | 05/21/2009 | [525k] |
| This paper highlights how traditional distribution management evolved to include advanced smart grid applications and integrated technologies driving incremental benefits in capital expenditures, operation and maintenance expenses, customer benefits. |
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| TCMicrogrid | Case Study: Tieline Controls in Microgrid Applications | 06/21/2011 | [1.5M] |
| This paper presents tieline controls, an important Microgrid control feature, enabling the coordinated response of several distributed energy resources, such as generation, energy storage, or controllable loads. |
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| XInrush | White Paper: Practical Experience in Setting Transformer Differential Inrush Restraint | 06/26/2005 | [2M] |
| This paper highlights the use of the actual inrush characteristic of the protected transformer to determine optimum setpoints for the differential relay. This data should be analyzed to ensure no loss of security occurs. |
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| XfrmrProt | White Paper: Impact of transformers inrush currents on sensitive protection functions | 10/25/2005 | [438k] |
| This paper shows how CT saturation likely causes problems for associated relays and provides pratical application guidelines regarding settings and scheme logic. |
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| XMissLine | Case Study: Transmission Line Protection Principles | 10/25/2005 | [5.3M] |
| The key challenge to transmission line protection lies in reliably detecting and isolating faults. This paper highlights advantages of some typical applications of GE's Multilin line of protection relays. |
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| UPSTech | White Paper: The Digital World and Electrical Power Supply: A Hypersensitive Imbalance | 07/02/2009 | [1.2M] |
| This paper discusses UPS technology and architecture, including systems that can provide power until the computer network has been shut down. |
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| PMU | White Paper: Application of Phasor Measurement Units for Disturbance Recording | 06/22/2006 | [513k] |
| This paper looks at the specific application of PMUs for disturbance recording, with emphasis on wide area cross-triggering of recording PMUs during events. |
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| Windfarm | Case Study: Windfarm System Protection Using Peer-to-Peer Communications | 05/21/2011 | [488k] |
| This paper reviews the overall requirements for comprehensive windfarm protection. It also focuses on the problem of feeder ground faults and presents a solution making use of peer-to-peer messaging via the IEC 61850 protocol. |
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| WorkProc | White Paper: Integrating Complex Work Processes Across Utility Operations | 04/13/2010 | [725k] |
| This paper discusses how, in the electric power industry, Work Process Management can provide an environment to control, analyze, and audit activities across multiple departments. |
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| SGAppl | Case Study: Key Smart Grid Applications | 02/07/2009 | [924k] |
| This paper will explore three key Smart Grid functions (Delivery Optimization, Demand Optimization and Asset Optimization) with the strongest business case justification. |
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Automation & Control 
