| GEA-32016 | White Paper: Why go Digital? Evolving from Conventional to Intelligent Digital Substations | 2017-06-29 |  [746k] |
| As the electrical network has evolved, substations have kept pace, bringing together technologies and strategies to improve the network, resulting in intelligent digital substations. |
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| GEA-33237 | White Paper: The Copper Diet | 2023-08-24 | [1.2M] |
| This whitepaper explores the concepts of facilitating the standardization of copper leftovers used for wiring after switching over to process bus for digital substations. |
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| GEA-33129 | White Paper: 7 of your Most Pressing Questions Answered - Best Practices Guide | 2019-05-07 | [2.2M] |
| From how to get started to design considerations, this guide answers the top-of-mind questions utilities have about process bus on their journey toward the digitized substation. |
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| AEPProcBus | Case study: AEP Process Bus Replaces Copper | 2009-06-29 | [756k] |
| A huge opportunity for material, time and manpower savings exists in the reduction of substation copper control cables. Read about American Electric Power’s journey to removing control cabling and replacing it with fiber-optic communication. |
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| DistBusProt | Case study: Distributed Bus Protection in the Smart Substation | 2013-12-16 | [3.2M] |
| This paper presents a new Distributed Bus Protection System that is not only as a protection system, but also a platform that incorporates the data from the HV equipment in an IEC 61850 process bus scheme. |
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| EnhSecDep | White paper: Enhanced Security and Dependability in Process Bus Protection Systems | 2009-06-26 | [1.7M] |
| This paper outlines the high-level design principles for protection and control systems, illustrated using a practical solution for implementing ultra-critical protection and control IEC 61850 process bus applications. |
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| AEPIECInstall | Case Study: IEC 61850 Process Bus Installation at American Electric Power | 2008-07-18 | [657k] |
| This document presents the commissioning of the first IEC 61850 Process Bus installation for American Electric Power (AEP) with GE's Merging Units (HardFiber Bricks) and Universal Relays. |
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| 61850Adv | Case Study: Advantages of IEC 61850 Process Bus Over Copper-Based Installations | 2008-07-18 | [256k] |
| This paper reviews key aspects of implementing traditional hard-wired solutions utilizing integrated multi-function relays and compares them with implementing the equivalent system using an IEC 61850-9-2 process bus solution. |
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| 61850Subst | Case Study: IEC 61850 Communication Networks and Systems In Substations | 2009-07-02 | [855k] |
| This paper looks at the needs of next generation communication systems and provides an overview of the IEC 61850 protocol and how it meets these needs. |
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| 61850PBS | Case Study: Scalability of IEC 61850 Process Bus Solutions | 2005-10-28 | [526k] |
| This paper explains scalability as it relates to process bus solutions, and identifies the need for scalability for such systems, in particular for the HardFiber system. |
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| 61850PBT | Case Study: Testing and Commissioning P&C Systems Based On IEC 61850 Process Bus | 2005-10-27 | [629k] |
| This paper presents a complete and simple testing procedure for the HardFiber process bus architecture. |
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| 61850Arch | Case Study: An Architecture and System for IEC 61850 Process Bus | 2008-07-18 | [1.2M] |
| This paper shows a practical process bus architecture conforming to IEC 61850-9-2 that fits the task of protection and control of substations by drawing from the universal topology rules of substations. |
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| 61850stat | Case Study: First IEC 61850 Based Protection and Control, Multi-Vendor Project in the US | 2006-06-22 | [2.3M] |
| This case study shows how a strong and determined team of relay manufacturers and TVA engineers made this Bradley project a success in utilizing the IEC 61850 standard as much as practically possible. |
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| 61850lockout | Case Study: Implementing Lockout Function with IEC 61850 Communications Based P&C Systems | 2010-12-04 | [1.9M] |
| This paper presents a new process bus system for protection and control using IEC 61850 process bus as a technical framework. |
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| NGPCsystems | White Paper: Considerations for Next Generation Protection & Control Systems | 2008-07-18 | [545k] |
| This paper highlights trends and expectations of the electric power industry for the next generation protection, control and automation systems. Copper-based signaling and a simple, robust architecture are key elements. |
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| IEC61850-9-2 | Case Study: Security Architecture for IEC 61850-9-2 | 2008-07-18 | [650k] |
| This paper reviews cyber-security requirements for a process bus-based protection and control system, using NERC CIP as a reference. General attributes and functional requirements for a process bus network are described. |
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| SubAutoHybrid | Case Study: Substation Automation Hybrid | 2011-06-21 | [668k] |
| This paper discusses hybrid substation automation solutions, concentrating on the inclusion of alternate technologies. Evolutionary scenarios are used to highlight the conversion from alternate technologies to IEC 61850. |
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Grid Automation 
